how the nazis took control

On 30 January 1933, Adolf Hitler legally became Chancellor of Germany, appointed by President Paul von Hindenburg.Hindenburg enjoyed a long career in the Prussian Army, retiring in 1911. He was recalled at the outbreak of World War I, and first came to national attention, at the age of 66, as the victor at Tannenberg in 1914. As Germany's Chief of the General Staff from 1916, he and his deputy, Erich Ludendorff, rose in the German public's esteem until Hindenburg came to eclipse the Kaiser himself. Hindenburg retired again in 1919, but returned to public life one more time in 1925 to be elected as the second President of Germany.

Though 84 years old and in poor health, Hindenburg was persuaded to run for re-election in 1932, as he was considered the only candidate who could defeat Adolf Hitler. Hindenburg was re-elected in a runoff. Although he was opposing Hitler, the deteriorating political stability of the Weimar Republic let him play an important role in the Nazi Party's rise to power. He dissolved the parliament twice in 1932 and eventually appointed Hitler as Chancellor in January 1933. In February, he issued the Reichstag Fire Decree which suspended various civil liberties, and in March he signed the Enabling Act, in which the parliament gave Hitler's administration legislative powers. Hindenburg died the following year, after which Hitler declared the office of President vacant and, as "Führer und Reichskanzler", made himself head of state.

The famed zeppelin Hindenburg that was destroyed by fire in 1937 was named in his honor, as was the Hindenburgdamm, a causewayjoining the island of Sylt to mainland Schleswig-Holstein that was built during his time in office. 
The previously German Upper Silesian town of Zabrze (German: Hindenburg O.S.) was also renamed for him in 1915. SMS Hindenburg, a battlecruiser commissioned in the Imperial German Navy in 1917 and the last capital ship to enter service in the Imperial Navy, was also named for him.
 Although he initially headed a coalition government, he quickly made Hindenburg a figurehead and eliminated his non-Nazi partners. The Nazi regime restored economic prosperity and ended mass unemployment using heavy military spending while suppressinglabor unions and strikes. The return of prosperity gave the regime enormous popularity and made Hitler's rule mostly unchallenged, although resistance grew after the onset of military aggression, culminating in the failed 20 July plot in 1944. TheGestapo (secret state police) under Heinrich Himmler destroyed the liberal, Socialist and Communist opposition and persecuted the Jews, attempting to force them into exile while taking their property. The Party took control of the courts, local government, and all civic organizations except the Protestant and Catholic churches. All expressions of public opinion were controlled by Hitler's propaganda minister, Joseph Goebbels, who made effective use of film, mass rallies, and Hitler's skillful oratory.^[5]

The Nazi state idolized Hitler as its Führer ("Leader"), centralizing all power in his hands. Nazi propaganda centered on Hitler and was quite effective in creating what historians call the "Hitler Myth" – that Hitler was all-wise and that any mistakes or failures by others would be corrected when brought to his attention. In reality, Hitler had a narrow range of interests and decision-making was diffused among overlapping, feuding power centers; on some issues he was passive, simply assenting to pressures from whoever had his ear. All top officials still reported to Hitler and followed his basic policies, but they had considerable autonomy on a daily basis.In a society where there was only one voice stagnation and disaster swere not far off.

crescent train waiter

THE BLUE WHITE AND RED SYNDROME

The French army in the sec ond world war had no one to spur them on, the generals were generally useless and the Germans found most of their airforce lined up ready to be bombed so they did.It wasnt as though they didnt have artillery or tanks because they did but nothing was deployed properly. The Maginot line turned out to be useless because the Germans simply went around it.The politicians were more afraid of Commies than fascists and they acted accordingly. But there was one good reason for their bad planning and that was memories of the first war were all too close.I have no idea of this French infantry figure

bazooka team by cherilea

sas 20mm scot

regal camel corps

ww1

unidentified british infantry

romans in the sahara

The first Roman expedition was made by Lucius Cornelius Balbus, following Augustus wish to expand his Empire.

In 19 BC he conquered the Garamantes (who lived in the Fezzan of Libya) and sent an expedition under Septimus Flaccus south across the Tibesti mountains, reaching the Niger (Below Hill)
river.

Gaius Suetonius Paulinus made another expedition to what is now southern Maroc (former Spanish Sahara) and Mauretania in 41 AD.

He reached the northern area of the Senegal river and probably the western Niger river's affluents

In the year 41 AD Suetonius Paullinus, afterwards Consul, was the first of the Romans who led an army across Mount Atlas. At the end of a ten days' march he reached the summit,—which even in summer was covered with snow,—and from thence, after passing a desert of black sand and burnt rocks, he arrived at a river called Gerj...he then penetrated into the country of the Canarii and Perorsi, the former of whom inhabited a woody region abounding in elephants and serpents, and the latter were Ethiopians, not far distant from the Pharusii and the river Daras (modern river Senegal)

There are evidences (coins, fibulas) of Roman commerce and contacts in Akjoujt and Tamkartkart near Tichit in actual Mauritania

The third was done a few years before by Julius Maternus, a Roman explorer who reached the lake Chad area and described the abundance of animals like hippopotamus and rhinocerosin that northern Nigerian region. His travel lasted four months.

“Julius Maternus, setting out from Leptis Magna and Garama with the King of the Garamantes, who was beginning an expedition against the Ethiopians, by bearing continuously southward came within four months to Agisymba, the country of the Ethiopians where the rhino is to be found.” 

In the eastern Sahara the Nero expedition to Ethiopia was made: it was an exploratory expedition promoted by the Roman emperor Nero to discover the sources of the Nile River.^[ The expedition was exploratory, according to most scholars. Indeed Seneca wrote that around 62 AD Nero sent some legionaries to the city of Meroe in Nubia in order to explore all the Nile southward from that capital. This expedition was done because he wanted to get information about Equatorial Africa and the possible richness of the area. Another expedition was recorded by Plinius the Elder in 68 AD, but was probably related to military activities in order to gather information for a possible Roman conquest of what is now Sudan.According to most scholars, there it is the strong possibility that both expeditions were the same. This expedition was the first in history from Europe to the interior of equatorial Africa. It probably lasted several months and bypassed the Sudanese swamps called Sudd during the dry season, reaching the northern portion of present day Uganda.

The western coast of Africa was explored by the Romans after the conquest of northern Maroc (then called Mauretania Tingitana): the Roman vassal king Juba II organized a successful trade from the area of Volubilis. Pliny the Elder, a 1st century Roman author and military officer, drawing upon the accounts of Juba II, king of Mauretania, stated that a Roman expedition from Mauritania visited the islands of the archipelago of the Canaries and Madeira around 10 AD and found great ruins but no population, only dogs (from those animals he called the islands, using the latin word "canarius" or "canis" for dog).

Indeed, according to Pliny the Elder, an expedition of Mauretanians sent by Juba II to the archipelago visited the islands: when King Juba II dispatched a contingent to re-open the dye production facility at Mogador (historical name of Essaouira, Morocco) in the early 1st century AD, Juba's naval force was subsequently sent on an exploration of the Canary Islands, Madeira and probably the Cape Verde islands, using Mogador as their mission base.

We have even recorded historically  that, according to Pliny the Elder, the Greek Xenophon of Lampsacus stated that the Gorgades (Cape Verde islands) were situated two days from "Hesperu Ceras" (today called Cap-Vert), the westernmost part of the African continent, showing a knowledge of the area by the Romans. They even knew of the Hesperides : some researchers, like Duane Roller, have even identified the Hesperides with the Lesser Antilles.

Furthermore, according to Pliny the Elder and his citation by Gaius Julius Solinus, the sea voyage time crossing the Gorgades (Cape Verde islands) to the islands of the Ladies of the West ("Hesperides", actual São Tomé and Príncipe and Fernando Po) was around 40 days: this fact has created academic discussions about the possibility of further Roman travels toward Guinea and even the Gulf of Guinea. Indeed, a Roman coin of the emperor Trajan has been found in Congo 

Aelius Gallus in 25 BC led an expedition across the Red Sea against the Sabaeans of Arabia Felix (modern Yemen). In order to control Sabaea the Romans took control of both sides of the entrance to the Red Sea, the Bab-el-Mandeb strait, since Cornelius Gallus had established a garrison at Arsinoe (near Assab, in actual Eritrea) on the Ethiopian shore. This was the only Roman outpost in eastern Africa south of Egypt and lasted a few decades.

casey jones

battle of barnet

The alliance between King Edward IV and the powerful Earl of Warwick was broken by 1469. Once Edward’s most loyal ally Warwick was now a bitter enemy. This break in allegiance was good news for the Lancastrian cause which grumbled on despite Henry VI being imprisoned in the Tower and most of the principals being in exile abroad (courtney). A resurgence of Lancastrian activity over the course of the next year resulted in Warwick driving Edward from England in October 1470 and restoring Henry to the throne.(first soldier at top of page soldier fom my price list ten pounds , if interested send me an email twenty left)

In March 1471 Edward returned to England, with the assistance of his brother-in-law the Duke of Burgundy. Landing in Yorkshire Edward assembled troops and equipment and headed south, gathering more troops as he went. Edward reached London unopposed on 12 April. Aware of Edward’s movements, the Earl of Warwick, who had been in the Midlands raising troops, marched towards London to confront him. With a Lancastrian army of some 15,000 troops he took up position about a mile north of Barnet on 13 April. Edward arrived that evening with a force of between 10,000 - 12,000 troops and took up position to the south of the Lancastrians. In spite of the dark Edward chose to deploy his troops on arrival rather than wait for the morning. Whether by accident or design he deployed very close to Warwick’s lines, down in a marshy valley, instructing his men to light no fires and keep silent. The Yorkist proximity to the Lancastrians proved fortuitous as the artillery bombardment that Warwick now launched passed over the heads of Edward’s troops.
The scene was now set for a major confrontation between Edward and his erstwhile ally, the Earl of Warwick. This battle at Barnet did not resolve the Wars of the Roses but it was nethertheless of enormous significance. Edward IV secured a resounding victory and in doing so had despatched the second most powerful man in the kingdom, the Earl of Warwick.

The exact location of the battlefield is in dispute. We have suggested here a new conjectural interpretation of the location of the battle, some distanc to the north of the Registered battlefield. This is based on a re-examination of the evidence for the historic terrain, of the battle accounts, and the important research by Brian Warren as to the site of the battle chapel. This has returned the battle to the site where from at least the early 17th century throug to the 19th century it has been depicted on maps - ie the traditional site.
Within this area there is little development although suburban expansion is encroaching in the eastern and southern sides. Much of this land was within Enfield Chase in 1471 and would have been open heath and common at the time of the battle. Today it si fully enclosed agricultural land and parkland. There are no public footpaths across the battlefield but the A1000, which runs across the battlefield, is safe to walk and offers the best views. A short distance north of the monument on the A1000 there is a track running east towards the Monken Mead brook, down which it is possible to walk and gain a view closer to the heart of the battlefield and particularly the marshy valley from which EWdward's army probably launched its attack.
The Battlefields Trust, in collaboration with Brian Warren and others, is developing a project to investigate the battlefield, to refine and test the new hypothesis as to the location of the battle.
Old Fold Manor celebrates its centenary year in 2010 and one aspect of the course worth celebrating is the quality of the greens: they are simply outstanding and reason enough on their own for this being an Open Championship qualifying course.

That’s not to say that the other features of the course aren’t worth savouring too. The legendary Harry Colt penned the fascinating layout and the course was put down over land that was the site of the bloody battle of Barnet that decided the War of the Roses in 1471. (below last heir to richard)

This land now sees battles of another kind, especially over the last few holes, which provide one of the toughest finishes you’ll find outside of a pro tour venue.

The back nine is, in fact, generally tougher than the start, the fairways get tighter and the degree of difficulty goes up as you progress through the round.